Diabetes Mellitus leads to chronic complications that are broadly classified into macrovascular and microvascular categories. These complications arise due to prolonged hyperglycemia, affecting various organs and systems.
1. Macrovascular Complications
Macrovascular complications involve large blood vessels, leading to atherosclerosis and increased cardiovascular risk.
Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) – Increased risk of heart attacks due to plaque buildup in coronary arteries.
Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD) – Reduced blood flow to limbs, leading to ulcers, gangrene, and amputations.
Stroke (Cerebrovascular Disease) – Higher risk of ischemic stroke due to vascular damage.
2. Microvascular Complications
Microvascular complications affect small blood vessels, leading to tissue damage in critical organs.
Diabetic Retinopathy – Damage to retinal blood vessels, causing vision loss and blindness.
Diabetic Nephropathy – Kidney damage leading to proteinuria and chronic kidney disease.
Diabetic Neuropathy – Nerve damage causing numbness, tingling, and pain, especially in the feet.
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